Fifth Lateran Council

Called in response to the schismatic Council of Pisa (1511) backed by Louis XII of France. It affirmed the immortality of the individual soul (Apostolici regiminis, 1513), approved the montes pietatis (charitable pawnshops), regulated prior censorship of printed books (1515) and accepted the Concordat of Bologna with France. It closed in March 1517, seven months before Luther’s theses, without undertaking the deep reform many were calling for.

Convoked by

Pope Julius II; continued by Leo X

Catholic Church only (eighteenth ecumenical council in its numbering).